RFID Based Library Management System

B.NAVITHA
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering
Sree Visveswaraya Institute of Technology and Science
bhantunavitha@gmail.com 

Abstract: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a new generation of Auto Identification and Data collection technology which helps to automate business processes and allows identification of large number of tagged objects like books, using radio waves. RFID based Library Management system (LMS) would allow fast transaction flow for the library and will prove immediate and long term benefits to library in traceability and security. The proposed system is based on UHF RFID readers, supported with antennas at gate and transaction sections, and library cards containing RFID-transponders which are able to electronically store information that can be read / written even without the physical contact with the help of radio medium. This paper presents the experiments conducted to set up RFID based LMS.
1. INTRODUCTION

RFID technology is being implemented in a number of industries. Supply chain implementation is perhaps one of the most frequently mentioned applications of RFID tags and equipment. Retailers such as “Wal-Mart” and grocery stores such as “Albertson’s” have begun to make it mandatory for their suppliers to tag merchandise destined for their stores. There is, however, a key difference to the library’s inventory as compared to that of a warehouse or a retail outlet. In the warehouse and retail supply chain, goods come in and leave. Only occasionally are they returned. The retail sector is looking at RFID as a "throw-away" technology that hands an item to a customer which gets discarded. Yet the item wise unit cost of including an RFID tag is much more than the cost of printing a barcode on a package. In libraries, items are taken out and returned many times. Thus the same RFID tag is re-used many times. [1]

The libraries across the globe started to use RFID to speed up the self check in/out processes, to control the theft and to ease the inventory control in library. The barcode technology is slowly getting replaced by the RFID technology. The RFID tag does not have to be visible for detection. It can be read even when it is embedded in an item, such as in the cardboard cover of a book or in the packaging of a product. It can also store data such as stack number, accession number, book number, author information etc., but barcode is limited to just an identification number. The paper presents the study taken and corresponding experiments conducted for integrating RFID to existing LMS of CDAC.

The remaining sections of this paper are organized as follows: Section II describes about Library, the tasks involved in that, problems faced by librarians and RFID’s role in automating some of the tasks of library, Section III describes about the technical specification of the hardware and tags used in project (RFID based LMS), Section IV describes about the modules developed in project, Section V describes about the experiments conducted to find out the proper tag position in book and Section VI describes about the benefits of the project.

2. RFID in Library

A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, books, and services, and the structure in which it is housed. Apart from books many libraries are now also repositories
Proceedings of ASCNT – 2009, CDAC, Noida, India, pp. 227 – 234

and access points for maps, prints, or other documents on various storage media such as microform (microfilm/microfiche), audio tapes, CDs, LPs, cassettes, videotapes, and DVDs. Libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library classification system, so that items may be located quickly and collections may be browsed efficiently. Reference stacks are different which has only reference books and only selected members. [2]

CDAC Library is a large one having 17,000 books and staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians. The following are the tasks to be performed in the library.

Circulation: handling user accounts and issuing/returning and shelving of materials. Collection, development, order materials, maintain materials’ budgets. 

Technical Services work behind the scenes cataloguing and processing new materials and de accessioning weeded materials. 

Basic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions of materials, arranging the acquired materials according to the library classification, preservation of materials the de accessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and developing and administering library computer systems. Among these, the proposed system will automate the following tasks using RFID technology,
Accessing number of books at a time 

Searching a particular book to check its presence in the library locating the physical location of the book 
Accounting/Stock verification of   the materials 

The RFID based LMS facilitates the fast issuing, reissuing and returning of books with the help of RFID enabled modules. It directly provides the book information and library member information to the library management system and does not need the manual typing. It also provides monitoring and searching system

The monitoring module will continuously monitor the movement of books across the gates, so that the books taken out without prior issuing will be traced out easily and will alarm the librarians. The searching module provides the fast searching of books using RFID handheld reader. The physical location of the books can be easily located using this module.
Utmost care has been taken to provide following features to the Library using RFID technology:

To remove manual book keeping of records 

Traceability of books and library members as they move 

Improved utilization of resources like manpower, infrastructure etc. 

Less time consumption as line of sight and manual interaction are not needed for RFID-tag reading. 
to provide meter read range antennas to minimize the

To minimize the manual errors 
To provide the long lasting labels 
To provide searching of books

3. Technical Specification

The project uses Work about Pro UHF RFID handheld reader (Fig 1) manufactured by Psion Teklogix, operating at 869.5 MHz It has Windows Embedded CE 5.0 and full VGA,

daylight readable touch screen display and well laid out backlit keyboard [3]. This device is used for searching Module.

Fig.1 handheld reader

The project also uses the Mercury4 RFID reader (Fig 2) manufactured by Thing Magic supporting four antennas, operating at UHF ranges of 865-870MHz, 902-928MHz and 950-956MHz [4]. The reader supports the transfer of data to a remote computer over a network connection. The reader do support tag protocols of EPC Class 0, EPC Class 1, ISO 18000-6B, EPC Gen2[3]. The antennas manufactured by Tyco electronics are used in this project.

Fig2 RFID Reader

RFID Tags used in the project are EPCglobal Generation2 (Gen2) UHF passive tags which have the 96 bits memory for hexadecimal data storage. It operates at Ultra High Frequency (850 MHz to 950 MHz ) range. Format of storing information in RFID tag is given in tableI:

tag	
description	
example	
Library member tag	Library member tag contains a 16 digit value where first 7 characters are CDAC001 which will be followed by the 9 digit employee ID	
CDAC0011182
12002 
Here, 118212002 is an employee ID	
Book tag	Book tag contains 16 digit values where first 6 characters are CDACFF followed by the book no. if the book number has less than 10 digits then it will be prefixed by 0s	
CDACFF0000
123

Here 123 is a book number	

Table 1: format of information in tag
3.1 Reasons for choosing UHF in Library Application

UHF technology was chosen for library application due to its long read range, speed of frequency and low cost. The read range of mercury 4 reader is up to 2 meters, which is sufficient to monitor the movement of books across the gates. The read range of psion-teklogix handheld reader is up to 30 cms which will be useful for locating a particular book in a rack. With the new EPC Global Gen 2 standard, over 1000 tags can be read per second in applications where they are insulated from RF noise. UHF also has the option to slow

down the read process to 100 tags per second with high reliability in RF noisy applications. All of these benefits make the UHF technology the ideal choice for Library applications.[5]

4. RFID Integration Modules

In order to provide RFID integration with LMS, three modules namely - Transaction Module, Monitoring Module and Searching Module were developed. Their functionalities are described below.

4.1. Transaction Module

The interaction of transaction module is given in (fig. 3).The RFID interface is provided in the transaction forms like issue, reissue, return and fine status forms. The Manual intervention is minimized as the automatic identification of books and library members will be achieved because of RFID. The books and employee ID cards should be placed near the antenna. The tags will be scanned by the reader and the book id and the employee id will be transmitted to the s/w module running in the librarian’s PC and which in turn will store the transaction information in database with timestamp.
		Mercury-4				
		RFID				
Database		reader				
					A		
					N		
							
					T		
LAN							
		Librarian					
		PC (LMS)					
							
			Mercury-4										
													
			RFID										
			reader										
													
Database					A		Gate		A			
												
					N				N			
		Monitoring										
						T				T			
			System										
	LAN												

													
			Mercury-4										
													
			RFID										
			reader										
													
Database					A		Gate		A			
												
					N				N			
		Monitoring										
						T				T			
			System										
	LAN												

													

	
	
Fig.4. Interaction of Monitoring Module

4.2 Monitoring Module

The Monitoring System (fig 4) will be installed at the gates of the library to monitor the incoming/outgoing bags continuously. The System will communicate with the Mercury 4 RFID reader through socket using RQL. The reader scans the RFID tags attached with the books and library member cards and will send the tag IDs to the monitoring system which in turn will save that information in database with timestamp. The system differentiates the book IDs and library member IDs by checking the format of the ID value. There is an instant display system which will continuously display the movement of incoming/outgoing books/library-members. The System alarms the librarians whenever there is a movement at the gates without prior issue.

4.3 Searching Module

The interaction of searching module is given in fig.5. Once a user has located a resource within the catalog, they must then utilize navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically; a process that may be assisted through RFID tagging. Using RFID tags to track library books could increase security and ease laborious stock takes. The RFID tag attached with the books contains the book number. The books will be searched with the help of the RFID handheld reader using any of the parameters like book no, book name, author name and publisher name.

If the book no. is directly given as a searching parameter, the client s/w will start locating the book immediately. The beep sound will be given as soon as the particular book is identified. If other parameters like book name, author name and publisher names are given as a searching condition, then the client s/w communicates with the server program to get the required book id from database by matching those parameters. If more than one book, are satisfying the search condition, then the librarian will be asked to select a particular book among those books.

The main benefit is that books can be checked quickly using a handheld reader, reducing the stocktaking time from weeks to half a day.

	Wireless		
	/Wired		
	connection		

RFID		Librarian	
handheld		PC	
reader		(Server s/w)	
(Client s/w)				

Fig.5. Interaction of Searching Module

5. Experiments on Position of Tags in Books:

The main motive of using RFID technology is to decrease the time consumption of every task and to get 100% readability of tags. To achieve this, best tag position has to be identified to make sure that none of the tags gets compromised with reader in terms of getting hidden by the human body while carrying the books. Hence, different tag positions have been taken into consideration and have been checked for its readability. Though there are several options to compromise the reader by hiding the tag deliberately using

aluminium material or any kind of metals etc., our motive is to maximize the readability of tags in normal conditions. Different possible tag positions in a book are illustrated in figure6.

																	
																	
	T					T											
	A					A											

																	
Tag Position 1	Tag Position 2	Tag Position 3

T

A

Tag Position 4	Tag Position 5	Tag Position 6

Tag Position 7	Tag Position 8	Tag Position 9 – Spine

Fig.6. Different Tag Positions

5.1. Test results of Monitoring Module:

Sample size of 60 books of different sizes was taken and checked with all the tag positions in the environment of single antenna kept at the height of 1.5 meters from the ground. Simulation test was conducted to find out the percentage of books detected by RFID reader when people were made to move by holding the books in different ways across the gates. The result is as shown in the table II.

Table2. tag Position - Monitoring Module

Tag Position	Total Books	Read %	Avg. distance (cms)	
				
1	60	63%	86	
				
2	60	77%	76	
				
3	60	85%	91	
				
4	60	65%	71	
				
5	60	80%	65	
				
6	60	77%	65	
				
7	60	87%	87	
				
8	60	55%	70	
				
9	60	40%	60	

When same test was conducted with 2 antennas at the two sides of the gate, 100% detection was found for the tag position -7, and 98% detection was found for the tag position-3, both

with the average maximum read distance of 1.5 meters. The performance of the software has been tuned to read the tags within 2 seconds which is the time normally people take to cross the 1.5 meters distance in library.

5.2. Test results of Searching Module:

The books of different sizes kept in 8 racks have been checked with the different tag positions to find out the percentage of tags detected by the handheld reader. The result is as shown in the table-III.

Table3. Tag Position - Searching Module

Tag Position	Total Books	Read %	
1	100	92%	
2	100	90%	
3	100	76%	
4	100	56%	
5	100	89%	
6	100	86%	
7	100	88%	
8	100	67%	
9	100	96%	

The results indicated that tag position 1, 2, 5 and 9 gave maximum percentage of 92%, 90%, 89% and 96% respectively. But these positions didn’t hold good for the monitoring module as these positions are prone to be hidden by human hand or body while carrying the books in the gate region of library. Based on composite results from Table II and Table III, Tag position 7 is identified for the final deployment of the project. RFID tags will be pasted in all books in this position.

6. Benefits of RFID in Library:

Time saving, fast accessing of books and eliminating manual errors is the main benefits of the RFID in Library. Although RFID can be used in library anti-theft systems, this doesn’t mean that it is a highly secure technology. RFID tags can easily be shielded by a thick layer of Mylar, a few sheets of aluminum foil, or even an aluminum gum wrapper, so that they won’t be detected by the reading device. There is, however, some potential savings because a single tag serves many different functions. The library saves some time in processing new items because it only has to affix one technology to the item. It may also save some money due to the integration of circulation and security with a single vendor and into a single system.

7. Conclusion

RFID in the library speeds up book borrowing, monitoring, books searching processes and thus frees staff to do more user-service tasks. But the performance varies with respect to the vendors of RFID readers and tags. The efficient utilization of the technology also depends upon the information to be written in tag. Experimental results with respect to effectiveness of RFID reader position, tag position are presented in the paper. The work is in progress to setup the same in CDAC library. Developments in RFID technology continue to yield larger memory capacities, wider reading ranges, and faster processing.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Dr. Poonam Rani Gupta and Dr. Abhijit Sen, for their encouragement and guidance for successful completion of the paper and to Mr. Sourish Behera for his continuous guidance and support for conducting various experiments related to project.

References

[1]	Karen Coyle, “Management of RFID in Libraries” , Preprint version of article published in the Journal of Academic Librarianship, v. 31, n. 5, pp. 486-489 

[2]	www.wikipedia.org - Library [last accessed on 20/2/2009] 
[3]	Psion Teklogix handheld reader manual – www.psionteklogix.com [last accessed on 20/2/2009] 
[4]	Mercury 4 RFID reader manual – www.thingmagic.com [last accessed on 20/2/2009] 

[5]	UHF RFID – Libraries taking the next step into the future – www.Adilam.com.au [last accessed on 20/2/2009]